Ua ntej digital thiab yees duab thev naus laus zis, cov duab raug xa mus rau ntawv los ntawm pob zeb, hlau, thiab ntoo. Ib feem ntawm kev kawm zoo hauv keeb kwm kev kos duab cuam tshuam nrog kev kawm thiab txheeb xyuas cov txheej txheem luam ntawv sib txawv no. Thaum luam ntawv yog ib daim teb uas koj tuaj yeem kawm rau lub neej, koj tuaj yeem kawm qhov pib ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov yooj yim, intaglio, thiab kev npaj ua duab toj roob hauv pes kom pib tsim koj cov txuj ci kev qhia paub.
Cov kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Txheeb Xyuas Cov Ntawv Luam Tawm
Kauj Ruam 1. Nkag siab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev luam ntawv yooj yim
Kev nyem nyem luam ntawv yog qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau siv tshuab luam ntawv ib txwm muaj, thiab koom nrog tsim cov duab ntawm nws qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Hauv kev luam tawm nyem, ntoo lossis hlau thaiv thaiv tau txiav los ntawm kev txiav tawm thaj tsam ntawm daim duab uas yuav tsis luam tawm, tom qab ntawv tus number case tau thov rau thaj chaw uas tau tsa los ntawm dabbing qhov chaw yuav tsum luam tawm, lossis dov tus number case rau. Cov theem kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam nrog hloov tus lej mus rau nplooj ntawv los ntawm kev tso ib daim ntawv thiab siv qhov siab. Piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm muaj xws li:
- Ntoo thaiv luam ntawv
- Linocut
- Hom-teeb
Kauj Ruam 2. Txheeb lub ntug ntawm daim ntawv luam
Ib txoj hauv kev nrawm tshaj plaws thiab ntseeg tau tshaj plaws ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntawv luam tawm yog txhawm rau tshuaj xyuas cov npoo ntawm cov ntawv kom ua pov thawj. Cov txheej txheem uas tus lej hloov pauv los ntawm qhov thaiv ntawm qhov siab yuav tsim cov yam ntxwv ib puag ncig ib puag ncig ntawm lub neej. Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas tsuas yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem luam ntawv yooj yim, yog li nws ib txwm yog lub cim kos npe.
Rau kev sib piv lub hom phiaj, tshuaj xyuas tus lej ntawm txhua daim nqi ntawm Asmeskas txiaj. Koj yuav tsum pom tias cov npoo ntawm cov zauv tsaus dua li sab hauv. Qhov no yog ib qho cim ntawm kev nyem luam ntawv. Nrhiav qhov kev nyiam no hauv daim uas koj tab tom tshuaj xyuas
Kauj Ruam 3. Saib cov cim ntawm kev kos duab
Lwm txoj hauv kev ntseeg tau zoo ntawm kev txheeb xyuas qhov yooj yim luam tawm yog saib sab nraum qab ntawm daim rau cov cim ntawm embossing, lwm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hauv kev nyem luam ntawv. Txheeb xyuas nplooj ntawv thiab xav nrog koj txhais tes rau cov cim ntawm kev ua kom tawg thiab ua kom siab, cov cim ntawm daim ntawv raug nias rau ntawm qhov nyem.
- Piv nrog intaglio luam ntawv, lub siab xav kom ua kom yooj yim luam tawm yog qhov me me, lub ntsiab lus tias cov ntawv luam tawm qee zaum yuav nyuaj rau pom thiab txawv ntawm qhov luam ntawv intaglio, uas hnyav dua.
- Kev Hloov Pauv Hloov Pauv (RTI) feem ntau siv los ua kom pom tseeb thiab sau cov cim ntawm lub cev ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm hauv nyem nyem.
Kauj Ruam 4. Nrhiav cov cim ntawm kev txiav hauv qhov chaw ntoo khaub lig lossis qhov ntxoov ntxoo
Thaum nws yuav zoo li pom tseeb, ib qho ntawm txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub qhov txawv los ntawm kev luam ntawv intaglio yog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov cim dub kom ze li sai tau thiab sim txiav txim siab seb nws zoo li lawv tau tsa los, lossis cov cim dawb tau tsa ntawm qhov thaiv thawj. Nov yog ib feem ntawm kev paub thiab ib feem ntawm kev paub, tab sis ib qho ntawm qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws los saib yog nyob hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo lossis hla qhov chaw.
Ntawm kev tshem tawm cov ntawv, koj yuav tsum tuaj yeem pom tias qhov ntxoov ntxoo yog ua los ntawm kev txiav tawm me ntsis ntawm cov kab luv, tom qab ntawd txiav kab ntev ntawm cov ces kaum sab xis, tawm ntawm txoj kab sab nraud
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Txheeb Xyuas Intaglio Luam Ntawv
Kauj Ruam 1. Nkag siab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev luam ntawv intaglio
Intaglio yog lus Italis rau "tshwm sim," thiab cuam tshuam ib puag ncig cov txheej txheem ntawm kev thov tus lej nkag rau hauv qhov zawj lossis kos duab lossis kos duab, tom qab ntawd siv ntau qhov siab los hloov cov xim ntawd los ntawm qhov nkag mus rau nplooj ntawv. Qhov no feem ntau ua rau pom meej me ntsis, cov kab ntau ntxiv uas koj tuaj yeem kawm paub txheeb xyuas. Cov txheej txheem tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1500s. Kev kos duab thiab kos duab yog ob qho tib si ntawm kev luam ntawv intaglio, nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv me ntsis thiab cov cim.
- Engraving feem ntau yog ua tiav ntawm cov phaj tooj liab, siv lub burin, v-puab txiav cov cuab yeej, kom tshem cov hlau tawm ntawm qhov phaj. Cov duab ntawm cov kab txua ntoo feem ntau yog huv heev, thiab taw qhia rau txhua qhov kawg, qhov twg cov kab yuav swell lossis ntsws.
- Etching tau ua tiav siv cov kua qaub los kos dawb rau ntawm cov ciab tso rau ntawm tooj liab plating, siv rab koob. Etched kab yuav muaj qhov blunter kawg dua cov kab kos, thiab koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm pom cov cim ntawm cov ciab nyob hauv qhov tsis sib xws thiab tawg ntawm ntug ntawm kab. Feem ntau, cov kab etched tsis raug.
Kauj Ruam 2. Saib cov cim phaj
Vim tias muaj ntau qhov siab siv los hloov tus number case, cov hlau luam ntawv phaj yuav ua rau muaj kev xav hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm intaglio. Cov ces kaum ntawm cov cim no yuav tsum tau muab sib npaug, txij li cov npoo ntse yuav rub daim ntawv, thiab cov npoo feem ntau yuav khaws cov cim ntawm tus lej uas tsis tau so tawm ntawm lub phaj thaum txheej txheem luam ntawv. Cov ntawv phaj yog ib txwm ua lub cim ntawm kev luam ntawv, txawm tias kos duab lossis kos duab.
Yog tias koj tsis pom daim npav cim, qhov ntawd tsis tas yuav kos npe tias nws tsis yog luam ntawv intaglio. Nws yuav tsis tshwm ntawm txhua qhov intaglio yog tias lub phaj tau so tawm tag
Kauj Ruam 3. Saib rau tus number case uas tau tsa
Vim tias txoj hauv kev txheej txheem luam ntawv ua haujlwm, cov kab uas muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab tsaus tshaj yuav tsum tau tsa thaum piv nrog thaj chaw ib puag ncig, vim tias nws yuav siv lub zog ntau dua thiab ntau tus lej kom ua kab tsaus ntuj tawm. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem txhim khu kev qha signifiers ntawm intaglio luam ntawv, etched lossis engraved.
Kauj Ruam 4. Nrhiav qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim hauv ib kab
Hauv kev luam ntawv intaglio, cov kab yuav muaj ntau qib sib txawv ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm tus lej, piv rau kev luam tawm nyem, uas yuav tsum muaj qhov sib xws. Qhov no yog vim tias qhov tob ntawm qhov nqaim tuaj yeem hloov kho, ua rau cov kab tsaus dua lossis sib zog luam tawm, raws li, hauv tib kab.
Saib nrog cov kab ntev dua los saib seb lawv puas tsaus dua nyob sab hauv. Yog tias yog, nws yuav luag yog qhov cim ntawm kev luam ntawv intaglio
Kauj Ruam 5. Saib cov duab ntawm kab
Cov kab kos duab yuav ntws tau zoo, ua rau qee qhov ua ntej txiav mus rau qhov chaw, thaum cov kab ntawv sib dhos ua ke yuav muaj shakier, puag ncig. Feem ntau, cov ntawv luam tawm intaglio yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom ntawm ob hom kev luam ntawv, raws li pom hauv Asmeskas txiaj, hauv cov duab luam tawm ntawm sab xub ntiag thiab tom qab.
Kauj Ruam 6. Kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov txheej txheem intaglio
Muaj ntau ntau subcategories ntawm intaglio luam ntawv uas yuav qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, yog li koj tuaj yeem nqaim koj cov txuj ci kev qhia paub tshwj xeeb. Lwm cov txheej txheem intaglio suav nrog:
- Aquatint
- Mezzotint
- Hlau Engraving
- Stipple Engraving
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Txheeb Xyuas Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshaj Lij
Kauj Ruam 1. Nkag siab qhov sib txawv ntau yam ntawm lithography
Lithography yog lo lus loj feem ntau siv los hais txog ntau yam sib txawv ntawm kev luam ntawv, kawm niaj hnub thiab zoo li qub. Tab sis, hauv cov ntsiab lus ua ntej kev yees duab, kev npaj ua duab toj roob hauv pes yog qhov uas tau luam tawm los ntawm qhov tiaj. Hauv cov phiaj xwm luam tawm, cov phiaj tau npaj los ntawm kev tso cov duab hauv cov roj lossis cov roj, feem ntau hu ua tusche, uas yuav tuav tus lej. Cov seem ntawm daim phaj yuav raug ntxuav nrog dej, tshem tus number case los ntawm cov chaw ntawd. Hom phiaj ntawm lithography lithography muaj xws li:
- Chalk-yam luam tawm, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev siv cov xaum xim los kos cov duab mus rau limestone.
- Chromolithography, uas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau los ntawm kev ua ntau yam xim ntawm phaj.
- Tinted lithography yog ua los ntawm ob daim hlau, ib qho uas siv dav tus kheej keeb kwm yav dhau los cwj nrag ntawm tinting muab cov duab tom qab xim.
- Hloov lithography tsis tau hloov ncaj qha los ntawm pob zeb mus rau ntawv, tab sis los ntawm kev hloov daim ntawv mus rau lub pob zeb nws tus kheej, txhais tau tias daim duab tsis tas yuav thim rov qab.
Kauj Ruam 2. Ua kom daim duab loj dua
Tsis zoo li qee qhov ntawm lwm yam ntau yam ntawm kev luam ua ntej kev luam tawm tus kheej, kev npaj ua duab toj roob hauv pes yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas siv tsawg kawg 10x kev nthuav dav kom pom cov cim tseem ceeb tsim nyog rau kev txheeb xyuas kom raug. Txij li thaum tsis muaj intaglio thiab nyem cov cim luam ntawv tsis tas txhais tau tias koj tab tom cuam tshuam nrog lub lithograph, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom saib ze ntawm cov duab thiab tsis txhob poob rau qhov pov thawj.
Kauj Ruam 3. Saib qhov tsis muaj cov cim phaj
Yog tias koj pom cov cim cim, koj ib txwm cuam tshuam nrog kev nyem lossis, feem ntau yuav, luam tawm intaglio. Vim tias cov duab tau coj ncaj qha los ntawm lub pob zeb tiaj tus, yuav tsis muaj cov cim ntawm cov khoom uas koj xav pom ntawm cov ntawv ntawd, ntawm lub lithograph.
Kauj Ruam 4. Saib kom tiaj tus number case
Thaum ze qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, koj yuav tsum pom tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tob ntawm tus lej thiab tus ntawv dawb paug. Txhua yam yuav tsum nyob rau tib qib, tsis muaj qhov ua kom dawb lossis tsaus ntuj. Kev ceeb toom qhov no yuav xav tau kev nthuav dav loj, tab sis nws yog qhov qhia tau zoo uas koj tab tom cuam tshuam nrog qee yam ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev luam ntawv, txij li tus number case tau los ntawm qhov tiaj uas tsis tau luam nws tus kheej hauv daim ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 5. Saib rau qhov tsis pom kev ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo, tsim los ntawm ntau txheej
Txij li cov phiaj xwm txheej tau tuav thiab tshem cov kua number case rau tib qib, kev hloov pauv tonal yog tsim los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw npog thiab tsis npog los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lej tso rau ntawm daim ntawv, los ntawm kev siv ntau txheej thiab ntau yam luam tawm, lossis los ntawm siv cov cheeb tsam ntawm hnyav ciab rau ntawm pob zeb.
- Feem ntau, thaj chaw ntxoov ntxoo yuav pom tseeb, tua yuav luag zoo ib yam li qhov muag uas muaj tus lej zoo ib yam. Ib qho cim yuav tsis sib dua lossis tsaus dua li lwm qhov cim ib puag ncig, lossis yuav tsum tsis txhob sib nrug. Qhov no tsim "qhov tsis pom kev ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo."
- Kev luam nrog ntau xim yuav sib tshooj cov xim ntawd hauv qee thaj chaw. Feem ntau, koj yuav tsis pom ntsuab, tab sis sib tshooj thaj tsam ntawm xiav thiab daj, txheej txheem luam ntawv zoo dua. Kev ntxoov ntxoo hauv cov xim luam tawm feem ntau yog ua los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm lub suab.
Kauj Ruam 6. Nrhiav qhov muag plooj
Feem ntau, cov ntsiab lus zoo yuav ua rau me ntsis blurrier hauv kev hloov lithographs dua li lwm hom kev luam ntawv. Feem ntau, daim ntawv yuav tsis lo zoo, lossis yuav hloov pauv ib puag ncig thaum siv qhov siab rau daim ntawv, thiab cov ntsiab lus yuav raug kev txom nyem thaum qhov no tshwm sim. Qhov no feem ntau yog ib qho cim ntawm txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej.
