Maps tau yog ib feem ntawm tib neeg kev coj noj coj ua rau millenia. Txawm hais tias nws yuav qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm thaj av hauv kev npaj rau kev ntxeem tau, npaj phiaj xwm kev lag luam hla hiav txwv, lossis txawm tias yuav ua li cas thiaj tau txais los ntawm ib lub chaw nres tsheb mus rau lwm qhov, daim duab qhia chaw tuaj yeem siv rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem kawm paub kos koj tus kheej!
Cov kauj ruam
Txoj Kev 1 ntawm 3: Kos Daim Duab Qhia Topological
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv daim duab qhia sab saum toj los qhia txoj hauv kev
Daim duab qhia sab saud cia li qhia txoj hauv kev ntawm ib kis mus rau lwm qhov. Nws tsis quav ntsej txog qhov ntsuas lossis txawm tias qhov tseeb ntawm lub chaw ntawm cov chaw. Tej zaum qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj yog daim duab qhia chaw London Underground.
Kauj Ruam 2. Ua qee qhov kev npaj
Txhawm rau kos daim duab qhia sab saum toj, koj yuav tsum kos lub cim rau txhua qhov chaw, thiab cov kab sib txuas sib txuas ua ke (sawv cev rau txoj kev ntawm lawv). Koj yuav tsum tau npaj qhov no kom koj tsis txhob xaus nrog kab ntawm kab. Nco ntsoov: txoj haujlwm ntawm cov khoom ntawm daim duab qhia chaw tsis tas yuav sib haum rau lawv qhov chaw nyob tiag.
Kauj Ruam 3. Ua qee qhov duab kos
Sim kos duab nws hauv ntau txoj kev. Nws yuav pab koj pom yam koj tuaj yeem hloov pauv kom nws zoo dua. Sim ua cov txheej txheem sib txawv xim kom lawv sawv ntsug, siv cov cim sib txawv rau ntau hom khoom sib txawv, thiab lwm yam.
Kauj Ruam 4. Kos tus qauv zoo
Nov yog qhov version uas koj yuav siv raws li daim ntawv qhia tseeb. Sim ua kom nws huv si li sai tau.
Txoj Kev 2 ntawm 3: Teeb Duab Daim Duab Qhia
Kauj Ruam 1. Siv daim ntawv qhia phiaj xwm phiaj xwm los qhia qhov ntsuas/txoj haujlwm
Ib daim duab qhia chaw tau kos los ntsuas nrog cov khoom hauv qhov chaw raug, tab sis tsis qhia qhov siab. Xav txog nws zoo li ya hla thaj chaw thiab thaij duab. Yog tias koj saib daim duab, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov twg txhua yam nyob hauv kev sib raug zoo ib leeg, tab sis vim nws yog 2D, koj tsis tuaj yeem pom qhov khoom siab li cas.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim siab txog qhov ntsuas
Daim duab qhia chaw dav feem ntau siv 1:25, 000 (4cm = 1km) lossis 1:50, 000 (2cm = 1km) lossis loj dua. Daim ntawv qhia me me tuaj yeem siv qee yam xws li 1: 100 (1cm = 1m) lossis 1:50 (2cm = 1m). Daim duab qhia chaw ntawm cov khoom me me tuaj yeem siv cov nplai xws li 10, 000: 1 (1cm = 1 micron), tab sis koj yuav tsis tas yuav kos qee yam zoo li no (tshwj tsis yog koj xav tau kos daim duab qhia chaw ntawm lub computer nti uas ua homework, lossis qee yam zoo sib xws).
Kauj Ruam 3. Txiav txim siab tus yuam sij
Muaj tus yuam sij ua rau nws yooj yim dua los muab cov khoom tso rau hauv koj daim ntawv qhia, yam tsis tas yuav kos nws me me. Qee cov cim ib txwm suav nrog kab xiav rau dej, plaub fab rau cov tsev, peb tog rau toj thiab roob, thiab lwm yam.
Kauj Ruam 4. Xaiv lub ntsiab lus siv
Raws li txhua yam tau kos rau qhov ntsuas, koj yuav tsum xaiv lub ntsiab lus siv (feem ntau yog nruab nrab ntawm daim duab qhia chaw, lossis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb). Xav txog nws zoo li phiaj xwm kab, koj yuav tsum muaj keeb kwm kom koj paub tias cov ntsiab lus txhais mus qhov twg.
Kauj Ruam 5. Txiav txim siab yam khoom koj xav tau ntawm koj daim ntawv qhia
Rau txhua qhov khoom, koj yuav tsum paub nws nyob deb ntawm qhov taw tes siv thiab nws tau coj (lub kaum sab xis ntawm txoj kab txuas cov khoom mus rau tus taw tes siv thiab kab txuas txuas qhov taw tes siv mus rau Sab Qaum Teb. Ntsuas raws clockwise los ntawm Sab Qaum Teb).
Kauj Ruam 6. Txiav txim siab qhov kev taw qhia ntawm koj daim duab qhia chaw yog Sab Qaum Teb
Kos ib daim duab me me ntawm daim duab qhia chaw tias nws yog txoj twg.
Kauj Ruam 7. Siv koj qhov ntsuas los hloov qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej mus rau hauv daim duab qhia kev deb
Hais tias koj muaj lub hom phiaj 6km deb, thiab koj cov nplai yog 1:50, 000. 6km = 6000m = 600, 000 cm. 600, 000/50, 000 = 12. qhov khoom yuav tsum yog 12 cm deb ntawm daim duab qhia chaw.
Kauj Ruam 8. Pib kos cov khoom mus rau hauv daim duab qhia chaw
Hais tias koj muaj lub hom phiaj 6km deb ntawm kev coj tus kheej ntawm 255 degrees. Siv qhov ntsuas, nws yuav tsum yog 12cm deb ntawm qhov taw tes siv (saib saum toj no). Raws li kev coj tus kheej yog 255 degrees, nws yuav tsum yog nyob ntawm kaum kaum ntawm 255 degrees ntawm txoj kev taw qhia sab qaum teb (feem ntau mus rau sab saum toj ntawm daim duab qhia chaw). Koj tuaj yeem xav kos kab xaum qhuav los ntawm qhov taw tes siv rau sab qaum teb. Ntsuas cov ces kaum ntawm kab no. Nco ntsoov: cov kabmob ib txwm muab raws li cov ces kaum ntawm lub moos.
Kauj Ruam 9. Ntxiv qhov ntsuas ntsuas
Muaj peb txoj hauv kev los ua qhov no (txhua qhov piv txwv siv ntsuas ntawm 1:50, 000):
- Kos ib daim phiaj xwm txheej nyob rau tom qab. Qhov ntev ntawm ob sab ntawm cov xwm txheej sib raug rau qee qhov nrug, feem ntau yog ib mais. Nco ntsoov tias koj sau qhov kev nrug deb no nyob qhov twg ntawm daim duab qhia chaw. Piv txwv li, cov xwm txheej yuav tsum yog 2cm hla.
- Kos tus nplai nplai ntawm daim duab qhia chaw. Nov yog kab me me, feem ntau 1 lossis 2 cm hla, sau nrog ntev npaum li cas nws yuav nyob hauv lub neej tiag tiag. Piv txwv li, ntsuas kab 1cm ntev yuav tau sau npe 1/2 km.
- Sau qhov ntsuas (1:50, 000) qhov chaw ntawm daim duab qhia chaw. Qee daim duab qhia chaw siv ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem no (piv txwv li OS daim duab qhia chaw ntawm tebchaws Askiv siv tag nrho peb qho).
Txoj Kev 3 ntawm 3: Teeb Duab Daim Duab Qhia
Kauj Ruam 1. Kos daim duab qhia chaw yog qhov siab
Daim duab qhia chaw zoo ib yam li daim duab qhia chaw, tab sis nws qhia qhov siab ntawm cov khoom saum toj no (thiab hauv qab) xaiv qhov siab siv, feem ntau xav tias yog qib hiav txwv.
Kauj Ruam 2. Kos daim duab qhia chaw ntawm thaj chaw
Qhov no yuav ua lub hauv paus rau daim duab qhia chaw.
Kauj Ruam 3. Pib npaj cov kab contour
Ib txoj kab contour txuas cov cheeb tsam ntawm qhov siab sib npaug. Nco ntsoov tias lawv nyob nrug deb (piv txwv li txhua txhua kaum metres). Contour kab yuav tsis hla ib leeg. Qhov ze lawv nyob ua ke, hauv av yog steeper. Tib lub sijhawm cov kab sib txuas tau tso cai kov yog nyob ntawm ntug pob tsuas, qhov uas qhov siab hloov pauv sai heev.
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau cov kab ntawv contour
Tsis txhob sau txhua tus, koj yuav nyob ntawd mus ib txhis. Feem ntau, tsuas yog txhua tsib lossis kaum kab kab ntawv sau tseg.
Kauj Ruam 5. Muab tus dot tso rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm toj
Sau daim ntawv no nrog qhov siab ntawm toj.
Daim duab qhia pom cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov kab sib tw
Lub tswv yim
- Txawm hais tias nws tsis yog qhov xav tau, thaum kos daim duab qhia sab saum toj, sim kos nws yam tsis muaj kab hla ib leeg.
- Yog tias koj ua tsis ncaj, khawb nws thiab pib dua.
