eBooks yog nrov, ob qho tib si nrog cov uas muaj cov khoom lag luam muag thiab cov uas muaj dab neeg los qhia. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tsav tsheb mus rau koj lub vev xaib yog muab eBook uas cov neeg tuaj saib pom muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm hais tias nws yog cov ntawv luv uas tshawb nrhiav ib lub tswv yim lossis phau ntawv uas ntev txaus los luam tawm ntawm daim ntawv thiab khaws cia ntawm lub khw muag ntawv. Rau cov neeg sau cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg tsis tseeb, eBooks yog qhov nrov heev. Nrog ntau lub eBook tshaj tawm lub platform, tam sim no nws yooj yim dua puas tau txais koj cov dab neeg tshaj tawm. Siv cov kev pabcuam zoo li Amazon's, cov kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem faib phau ntawv digitally. Qhov no tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov xav tau nrhiav tus tshaj tawm.
Cov kauj ruam
eBook Pab
Qauv E Phau Ntawv Qhia
Txhawb wikiHow thiab qhib tag nrho cov qauv.
Ntu 1 ntawm 3: Siv Lo Lus Ua Software
Kauj Ruam 1. Xaiv lub platform sau ntawv
Sau phau ntawv hauv software uas koj nyiam tshaj plaws siv. Cov txheej txheem lo lus yog cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws, tab sis koj tseem tuaj yeem siv software tsim los tsim cov duab kos duab, ntawv xov xwm lossis cov duab swb.
- Muaj ntau txoj haujlwm uas tso cai rau koj sau koj phau ntawv raws li koj xav tau. Qee tus neeg nyiam siv Microsoft Word. Koj tuaj yeem yooj yim ntxiv cov npe nplooj ntawv, cov ntsiab lus, thiab teeb tsa cov npoo thiab ua raws cov ntawv. Microsoft Word yog WYSIWYG (Koj pom dab tsi yog qhov koj tau txais) tus kws sau ntawv. Qhov no txhais tau tias txoj hauv kev koj hom zoo li ntawm nplooj ntawv yog nws yuav zoo li cas thaum xa tawm.
- Qee qhov kev pabcuam muab cov lus hloov kho lus. Qhov no zoo ib yam li kev sau ua hom lus. Hloov chaw los tsoo lub pob kom ua siab loj lossis ua kab lus ib qho, koj yuav qhwv lo lus hauv kab ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kab ntawv. Thaum xa tawm, cov ntawv hloov mus rau qhov kawg, saib-npaj tau.
- Muaj ntau ntau cov apps uas tau tsom mus rau txhim kho kev teeb tsa thiab sau cov txheej txheem. Ntau ntawm cov no tau ua kom tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam dab tsi, yog li koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau qhov tseem ceeb, sau ntawv.
- Cov apps zoo li Scrivener lossis Ulysses III tau nrov heev. Cov apps no tso cai rau koj sau ua cim lossis WYSIWYG lus. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv cov ntawv sau, suav nrog kev tshawb fawb, thiab dhia ncig koj cov ntawv. Kuj tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv uas tso cai rau koj tsuas pom nplooj ntawv zoo li koj tau nyob ntawm lub tshuab ntaus ntawv.
- Kuj tseem muaj qhov kev xaiv hauv Chrome's apps hu ua Writer uas yog lub browser raws li kev sau ntawv tsawg kawg nkaus.
Kauj Ruam 2. Pib sau koj phau ntawv
Thaum koj tau xaiv cov software uas zoo tshaj rau koj, tam sim no nws yog lub sijhawm los zaum thiab ua haujlwm hnyav, tiag tiag sau koj phau ntawv.
- Yog tias qhov no yog koj thawj phau ntawv, sim thiab ua kom yooj yim dua. eReaders tau ua luv dua, cov dab neeg tshiab ntau dua. Tib neeg tuaj yeem rub koj phau ntawv yooj yim thiab nyeem nws hauv ob peb teev. Txiav txim siab khaws koj phau ntawv luv, muab nws cov phiaj xwm yooj yim, thiab khaws cov qauv zoo ib yam.
- Tsom ntsoov rau kev tsim koj cov cim. Cov neeg feem ntau xav nyeem txog cov cim thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej koj tso cov cim rau hauv. Xav txog koj phau ntawv nyiam. Muaj feem yuav koj nyiam cov phau ntawv no vim tias cov cim tau ntxim nyiam. Cov cim ntxim nyiam tau tsav lub phiaj xwm rau pem hauv ntej.
- Sim muab pov ntau dhau rau hauv ib zaj dab neeg, tshwj xeeb yog koj thawj zaug nyob ib puag ncig tuaj yeem dhau mus. Tsis txhob sim sau qhov Game Game of Thrones tom ntej no tam sim no. Ua raws li cov phiaj xwm yooj yim uas muaj koj tus kheej kheej kheej pov rau nws.
TSWV YIM TSHUAJ
Lucy V. Hay
Professional Writer Lucy V. Hay is an author, script editor and blogger who helps other writers through writing workshops, courses, and her blog Bang2Write. Lucy is the producer of two British thrillers and her debut crime novel, The Other Twin, is currently being adapted for the screen by Free@Last TV, makers of the Emmy-nominated Agatha Raisin.
Lucy V. Hay
Professional Writer
Consider an outline to help you get started
I think it's a really good idea to outline your book first if you want to be a professional writer. It can seem a little tedious, but it can really help you cut down on any problem areas in terms of your plot. You can also outline however you want-I put post-its on the wall and move them around until I decide on their order, and that's it.
Kauj Ruam 3. Tsom ntsoov rau tus "Leej Twg" koj tab tom sau txog
Tom qab ntawv ntxiv "Thaum" "Dab Tsi" "Qhov Twg" "Vim Li Cas" thiab "Ua Li Cas". Koj xav teb ib nqe lus nug ib zaug.
Sim ua kom ntau ntau nyob rau hauv ib zaug yuav ua rau koj phau ntawv nyuaj rau nkag siab thiab ua raws
Kauj Ruam 4. Teev hom phiaj sau ntawv txhua hnub
Teem tsawg kawg ib hnub rau ntau npaum li cas koj yuav sau. Txawm nws yog ib nplooj ntawv lossis ib tshooj. Xaiv lub hom phiaj uas koj tuaj yeem ua tau.
- Sim ua kom tiav ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau koj poob siab lossis poob siab. Tus yuam sij kom ua tiav phau ntawv yog qhov sib xws.
- Nws zoo dua kom tau txais qee yam ntawm nplooj ntawv txhua hnub dua li tso nws tseg vim tias koj tsis nyob zoo. Koj tuaj yeem rov qab thiab hloov kho tas li.
Kauj Ruam 5. Ua tiav koj phau ntawv
Thaum koj tau ua tiav koj thawj daim ntawv sau tseg, siv sijhawm me ntsis ntawm nws. Cia nws ua pa kom koj tuaj yeem rov qab los nrog nws ob lub qhov muag tshiab.
- Mus hla koj thawj daim ntawv sau tseg thiab txheeb xyuas kom paub tseeb tias koj tau tsoo tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog. Xyuas kom tseeb tias koj cov cim yog fleshed tawm. Kho tej teeb meem txuas ntxiv mus.
- Tom qab ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab xyuas kom tseeb tias tsis muaj qhov ua yuam kev sau lossis sau ntawv raug. Koj xav kom koj phau ntawv saib zoo li kws tshaj lij.
Kauj Ruam 6. Hloov cov ntawv mus rau PDF, uas tuaj yeem nyeem los ntawm ob lub PC thiab Mac cov neeg siv
Nco ntsoov tias tag nrho version ntawm Adobe Acrobat muaj cov yam ntxwv uas lwm cov haujlwm uas tsim cov ntawv PDF tsis ua, yog li koj yuav xav them nyiaj rau tag nrho version.
- Kev tshaj tawm rau cov chaw zoo li Amazon yuav tuaj yeem nyeem ntau cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv xws li HTML, Doc/Docx, thiab txawm tias RTF. Txawm li cas los xij, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob npaj txhij los tshaj tawm koj phau ntawv. Koj yuav tsum tau kho nws.
- Hloov koj phau ntawv mus rau PDF kom koj tuaj yeem luam nws lossis xa hluav taws xob xa nws yooj yim rau tus kws kho mob.
Ntu 2 ntawm 3: Hloov Kho Koj li eBook
Kauj Ruam 1. Rhiav koj phau ntawv
Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov no thaum koj tseem tab tom sau lossis tom qab koj tau muaj tus kws saib xyuas saib koj phau ntawv. Tab sis koj yuav tsum mus rau kev cob qhia. Cov pab pawg no yuav nyeem koj cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab koj cov ntawv sau tseg, cov tswv yim, thiab tuaj yeem tawm suab qee qhov kev txaus siab hauv koj phau ntawv.
- Koj tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev cob qhia online lossis nyeem ua haujlwm nrov nrov. Lub hom phiaj yog kom tau koj txoj haujlwm tawm mus rau lwm tus hauv kev lag luam.
- Tau txais koj txoj haujlwm pom thiab thuam los ntawm lwm tus neeg sau ntawv tuaj yeem ua rau poob siab. Tab sis cov neeg no yuav pab koj teeb tsa koj zaj dab neeg thiab hloov kho qhov muaj txiaj ntsig.
Kauj Ruam 2. Kho koj phau ntawv
Koj tuaj yeem ua daim ntawv hla lossis ob ntawm koj tus kheej ua ntej xa koj phau ntawv mus rau tus kws kho mob. Tab sis koj yuav xav tau tus editor. Coob leej neeg yuav raug ntxias kom zam kev them tus kws tshaj lij txhawm rau txuag nyiaj, lossis vim tus kws sau ntawv xav tias phau ntawv zoo tshaj.
- Tsis tau txais tus kws tshaj lij los nyeem dua koj phau ntawv tuaj yeem ua qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg hlub nws thiab tsis muaj leej twg rub nws. Koj yuav tsum hloov kho koj phau ntawv koj tus kheej ua ntej, tom qab ntawd xa nws mus rau tus kws kho mob rau ob, kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm ob lub qhov muag.
- Kho ntau npaum li koj xav tau rau koj tus kheej, tab sis tsis hloov yog tias koj tsis paub yuav kho dab tsi. Yog tias koj tsis paub yuav kho thaj chaw teeb meem li cas, koj yuav chop koj zaj dab neeg thiab nyuaj rau muab cov khoom rov qab rau qhov chaw raug.
- Kev kho dua yog ua tau thiab txaus ntshai. Qhov laj thawj loj uas tus kws kho ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig yog vim koj nyob ze rau koj phau ntawv. Koj tau siv sijhawm ntau los sau thiab kho. Ob lub qhov muag thib ob yuav pab koj nrhiav yam uas koj tsis tau pom dua.
Kauj Ruam 3. Nug tus phooj ywg uas ntseeg siab muab koj phau ntawv nyeem
Tau txais ib tus neeg koj ntseeg los muab koj cov ntawv thiab tawm tswv yim. Ua ntej koj mus rau tus kws kho mob uas tsis paub koj lossis koj txoj haujlwm, txiav txim siab txais ib tus neeg uas tsis nyeem koj phau ntawv.
Coj cov ntawv koj tau muab. Tej zaum koj yuav tsis nyiam tag nrho cov ntawv sau uas ib tus neeg muab rau koj. Yog li nyeem cov ntawv, decompress, thiab tom qab qee lub sijhawm rov qab thiab suav nrog cov uas tau pab. Tsis txhob siv cov uas tsis yog
Kauj Ruam 4. Ntiav tus kws tshaj lij los tshuaj xyuas koj phau ntawv
Kev hloov kho tsis zoo ib yam li kev sau ntawv. Koj yuav xav tau ib tus neeg uas paub tsim phau ntawv, nrhiav cov teeb meem, thiab muag koj phau ntawv.
- Tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij zoo dua li kev tshuaj xyuas. Qhov kawg uas koj xav tau yog qhov ua kom yuam kev sau tsis raug hauv koj phau ntawv tom qab koj ua haujlwm tas li. Khoos phis tawj yog tus pab tau zoo, tab sis tsuas yog ob lub qhov muag tau kawm paub thiaj tuaj yeem ua rau koj thiab koj lub khoos phis tawj ploj mus.
- Koj tus kws kho mob yuav coj lub hom phiaj xav tau ntau ntxiv rau koj txoj haujlwm. Tej zaum koj yuav tsum txiav peb tshooj kom luv koj zaj dab neeg. Tej zaum koj lub npe yuam kev. Tus kws kho mob tuaj yeem pab koj nrhiav cov dab neeg tseeb hauv qab txhua yam khoom ntxiv uas koj tsis xav tau.
Kauj Ruam 5. Tsim daim npog
Thaum koj tau dhau los ntawm ntau cov ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau thiab tau kho koj phau ntawv, nws yog lub sijhawm kom tau txais daim npog.
- Npog daim duab yuav dhau los ua qhov muag loj rau koj phau ntawv. Txawm tias nyob hauv kev lag luam online, tib neeg txiav txim siab phau ntawv los ntawm lub hau.
- Xav txog ntiav ib tus kws tshaj lij tsim duab los tsim koj phau ntawv npog. Lossis, yog tias koj lossis tus phooj ywg paub tsim qauv, koj tuaj yeem siv rab riam rau nws.
- Koj lub npog yuav tsum zoo siab thiab cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm koj zaj dab neeg. Saib ntawm lub hau ntawm koj phau ntawv nyiam rau kev tshoov siab. Pom tias lub hau hais dab tsi txog phau ntawv.
Ntu 3 ntawm 3: Xa Koj Li Ebook rau Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing
Kauj Ruam 1. Npaj koj li eBook rau kev tshaj tawm tus kheej online
Lub sijhawm loj tshaj plaws rau tshaj tawm eBook yog Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing. Koj tuaj yeem yooj yim xa koj cov ntawv sau mus rau KDP program thiab pib muag cov ntawv luam.
- Kindle Direct Publishing yuav lees txais ntau hom ntaub ntawv thaum tso tawm. Kindle siv hom Mobi tso tawm eBook kom eReaders nyeem tau nws. Tab sis thaum rub tawm koj tuaj yeem xa koj cov ntawv sau ua HTML, Doc/Docx, RTF, Mobi, lossis ePub.
- Kev siv tuaj yeem siv txoj haujlwm zoo li Caliber los hloov koj cov ntawv sau mus rau Mobi lossis ePub ua ntej rub tawm yog tias koj xav tau. Qhov no qee zaum ua rau kev rub tawm yooj yim dua thiab khaws txhua cov duab lossis cov ntawv hauv koj phau ntawv tsis tu ncua.
Kauj Ruam 2. Txiav txim siab koj hom ntawv
Ntxiv nrog rau hom ntaub ntawv uas koj xa koj cov ntawv sau rau hauv, koj tseem yuav tsum txiav txim siab yog tias koj xav tau tus qauv eBook txheem lossis txheej txheem txheej txheem teeb tsa.
- Cov qauv txheem feem ntau yog ePub thiab Mobi cov ntaub ntawv. Cov txheej txheem no tso cai rau cov nyeem los kho qhov loj me ntawm cov ntawv hauv eReader. Nco ntsoov tias hauv daim ntawv no, tsis muaj kev teeb tsa pagination raws li qhov loj ntawm cov ntawv yuav hloov kho pes tsawg lo lus tshwm ntawm nplooj ntawv. Hom ntawv no zoo rau cov phau ntawv hnyav.
- Cov txheej txheem kho tau zoo dua siv cov ntawv dab neeg, cov menyuam phau ntawv, thiab cov phau ntawv nrog ntau cov duab thiab kab lus. Hom ntawv no khaws cov yam ntxwv ntawm nplooj ntawv luam tawm. Nws zoo li saib cov duab ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm eReader dua li nyeem "nyob" cov ntawv.
Kauj Ruam 3. Xaiv seb yuav tshaj tawm li cas ntawm Amazon
Amazon muaj qee qhov eBook tshaj tawm kev xaiv. Tus txheej txheem yog KDP cov kev pabcuam. Tseem muaj KDP Xaiv. Nov yog qhov "hwm" version ntawm Kindle Direct Publishing. Txawm hais tias ob leeg yog pub dawb rau upload.
- Cov txheej txheem KDP tso cai rau koj rub koj phau ntawv mus rau Amazon qhov kev pabcuam dawb. Tsis muaj nqi los rub cov ntawv. Tus kws sau ntawv yuav tau txais kwv yees li 30-35% ntawm cov nqi tsev thaum Amazon khaws qhov seem.
- KDP Xaiv qhov kev pabcuam muab rau Amazon tshwj xeeb ntawm koj phau ntawv digital rau 90 hnub, txhais tau tias koj tsis tuaj yeem xa nws mus rau lwm qhov. Koj tau txais ze rau 70% ntawm cov cai lij choj. Amazon tseem yuav muag koj phau ntawv rau koj los ntawm Prime tus tswv cuab qiv qiv. Koj kuj tseem muaj qhov kev xaiv ua kom koj phau ntawv dawb lossis luv nqi rau tsib hnub. Lub sijhawm no, nws yuav tshwm ntawm Amazon nplooj ntawv muag khoom.
Kauj Ruam 4. Sau koj phau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv
Thaum koj tau txiav txim siab txog qhov kev xaiv twg koj nyiam tshaj, sau npe tshaj tawm los ntawm "tshaj tawm nws tus kheej nrog peb" txuas hauv qab ntawm Amazon lub vev xaib.
- Koj tuaj yeem kos npe nrog koj tus lej Amazon. Koj yuav tau nyeem thiab pom zoo rau cov nqe lus ntawm kev pabcuam. Thaum ua tiav koj yuav muaj tus account tshaj tawm.
- Ua raws li cov theem uploading ntxiv lub npe thiab nkag mus rau koj phau ntawv cov ntsiab lus. Cov ntsiab lus tso cai rau koj qhia yog tias phau ntawv yog ib feem ntawm koob, hom ntawv, nqe, thiab lwm yam.
- Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv koj tus lej ISBN yog tias koj muaj. Tab sis nws tsis xav tau nrog Amazon.
- Xaiv koj pawg. Amazon txhawb kom koj ntxiv txog ob pawg kom tau txais kev pom zoo dua. Tshawb nrhiav phau ntawv zoo li koj li thiab pom cov pawg twg cov ntawv no tau siv. Koj tseem tuaj yeem ntxiv txog xya lub ntsiab lus los ua kom koj phau ntawv pom zoo dua hauv kev tshawb nrhiav.
- Thaum kawg, upload koj lub npog. Tom qab ntawd koj npaj txhij upload.
Kauj Ruam 5. Tshaj tawm koj phau ntawv
Thaum koj npaj txhij, nyem "Xauj phau ntawv" kom pom daim ntawv theej ntawm koj li ntawv hauv koj lub computer. Tom qab ntawd nyem "Upload".
- Amazon tso cai rau koj xaiv yog tias koj xav ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm cov cai digital (DRM) lossis tsis yog. Pab kom DRM ua rau nws nyuaj rau lwm tus los theej thiab faib koj cov haujlwm yam tsis tau txais nyiaj. Piv txwv li, ib tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem luam cov ntawv thiab rub nws mus rau lwm tus eReader.
- Koj yuav zoo li yuav tsis poob nyiaj lossis muag rau qhov tsis ntxiv DRM, txawm li cas los xij.
Kauj Ruam 6. Saib ua ntej koj phau ntawv
Thaum koj upload koj phau ntawv yuav muaj kev xaiv siv "Online Previewer" txuas kom pom tias koj phau ntawv yuav zoo li cas.
- Amazon ua haujlwm zoo nkauj ntawm kev khaws koj phau ntawv kev ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj twb muaj phau ntawv hauv hom ntawv raug lawm, zoo li Mobi. Koj tuaj yeem pom yuav ua li cas koj phau ntawv yuav saib ntawm ntau yam khoom siv los ntawm Kindle mus rau iPhone rau lub browser qhov rai.
- Koj yuav tsum saib xyuas koj phau ntawv hauv txhua qhov kev xaiv no kom ntseeg tau tias txhua yam zoo li koj xav tau.
Kauj Ruam 7. Teeb koj tus nqi
Tam sim no koj yuav muaj kev xaiv los nqis peev koj phau ntawv. Amazon tseem yuav muab txoj hauv kev rau koj xaiv rau feem pua muaj koob muaj npe. Koj cov kev xaiv feem ntau yog 35% lossis 70%.
- Xaiv 70% ua rau koj phau ntawv poob rau hauv KDP Xaiv qhov kev xaiv. Koj tau txais txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab muaj peev xwm txo koj phau ntawv rau ib lub sijhawm. Tab sis, koj tsis raug tso cai upload nws, lossis muag nws nyob qhov twg ntxiv rau 90 hnub. Yog tias koj tus nqi koj phau ntawv qis dua $ 2.99 USD, Amazon tsuas yog muab 35% kev xaiv rau koj.
- Kev xaiv kom muaj vaj huam sib luag siab dua kuj txhais tau tias Amazon txiav tawm me me "tus nqi xa khoom". Tus nqi no feem ntau yog 15 xees ib megabyte. Feem ntau cov phau ntawv nrog me me kom tsis muaj duab thiab ntxhib 100, 000 lo lus tsis mus ntau dua 1 MB. Tsis muaj nqi yog tias koj coj tus muaj koob muaj npe me dua.
- Thaum koj xaiv koj cov kev xaiv muaj koob muaj npe, koj ua tiav thiab koj phau ntawv tam sim no muaj! Nrog koj zoo siab, koj yog tus sau luam tawm.
Lub tswv yim
- Txiav txim siab siv qhov program los teeb tsa koj li eBook ua tiav rau eReaders zoo li Amazon Kindle. Yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov kev pabcuam uas yuav teeb tsa koj phau ntawv rau koj rau tus nqi, txij li kev hloov kho koj li eBook tuaj yeem nyuaj.
- iBooks siv hom ePub. Yog li yog tias koj xaiv tso rau ntawd, koj yuav tsum hloov koj li ntawv yog tias koj muaj nws ua lwm hom.
- Xav txog kev yuav software tshwj xeeb tsim los tsim eBooks. Cov software tshwj xeeb yuav tso cai rau koj txiav txim siab yam twg koj xav tau eBook.
- Tsis txhob maj sau koj phau ntawv. Siv koj lub sijhawm. Nrhiav tus editor, thiab rhiav nws. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tsim kev muag khoom thiab sau ntau ntxiv yog los tsim cov ntsiab lus zoo uas tib neeg nyiam nyeem.
- Ua lub hau npog siv txoj haujlwm tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev kos duab, tsim duab piv txwv, thiab tswj cov duab. Koj tuaj yeem siv txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim eBook npog los ua txoj haujlwm no yooj yim dua. Photoshop, Illustrator, thiab InDesign yog cov kev xaiv zoo.
- Rub tus qauv. Templates pab koj ua tej yam xws li ntxig headers, ntxiv nplooj ntawv tus lej, lossis hloov kho koj cov npoo rau tig rau nplooj ntawv. Coob leej neeg uas twb tau tshaj tawm eBooks muab cov qauv los tsim cov phau ntawv zoo sib xws dawb.
- Thaum Amazon tej zaum yog qhov pib zoo tshaj plaws, thiab siv ntau tshaj plaws, muaj lwm qhov kev tshaj tawm tus kheej. Koj tuaj yeem tso koj phau ntawv hauv khw iTunes, lossis Bookbub thiab Phau Ntawv Gorilla uas tshaj tawm rau Amazon thiab txhawb nqa rau koj. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj siv KDP Xaiv, lwm txoj kev xaiv raug txwv rau peb lub hlis.
